Is Forefoot Running Safer for Your Knees?

A wide array of research during the past few decades has shown that running with a forefoot strike leads to significant reductions in mechanical and compressive loading on the knees, thereby potentially reducing the risk of runners knee as compared with running with a heel strike

Forefoot Running and Knee Pain
A proper forefoot strike landing during running involves making initial ground-contact towards the outer-side of the forefoot, just under the 4th and 5th toes then the rest of the foot flattens down on the ground where the heel is the very last part of the foot to connect with the ground. This precise landing configuration of the foot results in a more controlled, stable and functional contact with the ground that is so brief that certain impact force variables are not fully produced which completely unburdens your knees than heel strike running.

These radical improvements in impact loads on the knee-joint in forefoot running comes from improved foot positioning at touchdown (the foot lands closer to the center of mass), better dynamic stability of the ankle-joint, restrainment of abnormal foot postures, reduced ground-contact time which means the foot spends less time on the ground, resulting in less time for abnormal foot motions and postures to take hold and last but not least forefoot running improves stance-width (prevents crossover foot steps) all of which helps prevent altered joint mechanics, especially at the knee and leads to a reduction in net forces on the knee as well.

This is why many of those who switch from heel strike running to forefoot running have the largest improvements in knee pain relief rather than relying on increased underfoot cushioning or motion control stability constructs of a shoe. However, if you’re having some rough patches in your forefoot running journey that includes sore knees, adding a slight forward lean to your forefoot running stride is even better for runner’s knee injury prevention!

Forefoot Running and Knee Pain

The hard truth is when it comes to running with much less mechanical stress and impact loads, your entire global biomechanics should come together in a manner that’s functional, not just solely how your foot strikes the ground, meaning that running with a forefoot strike is part of the solution, but not the entire solution in making running safer on your knees.


The better answer to runners knee prevention is there’s a strong relationship between upper body posture and knee-joint stress during running whereby ample research has shown that you get consistently good results in knee injury prevention when you lean forward in conjunction with forefoot striking when you run.

For instance, a 2016 study published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine, analyzed the effects of 3 running technique conditions: 1. heel strike running, 2. forefoot strike running without a tilted forward trunk (i.e no forward lean) and 3. forefoot strike running with a tilted forward trunk; the researchers investigated the effects of these 3 running conditions on hip, knee and ankle kinematics.

The researchers discovered that forefoot running without leaning forward resulted in greater knee external rotation at touchdown and during stance which increased dynamic knee valgus (the knee rotated inward, towards the midline), which is a known risk factor for increases in knee-joint stress (Huberti and Hayes, 1984; Powers, 2003) as compared with the forward-leaning forefoot running group. What this means is that there seems to be many opposing forces at work on the knee-joint which causes excessive abnormal impact loading on the knee if you run too upright rather than lean forward.


Proper Upper Body Posture When Running
Running too upright with your upper body posture disrupts the kinetic chain of events on your leg swing and foot strike mechanics in ways that increases rotational forces and torsional loads on the knee-joint as compared with leaning forward.

As expected however, both forefoot running groups (i.e forward leaning and non-forward leaning groups) showed stark reductions in patellofemoral joint (knee joint) stress as compared with the heel strike running group, but more important, their results prove that you can add another layer of impact protection on your knees during forefoot running by leaning forward!

So what are the special attributes about injecting a forward lean to your forefoot running stride that helps safeguard the knees from impact?

The researchers found that a 77% forward tilt of the trunk when running decreased ankle dorsiflexion, meaning the front of the foot lifted up less and was more pointed down towards the ground upon touchdown as shown below. 

Forefoot Running and Knee Pain
The forward lean intervention during forefoot running led to reduced foot dorsiflexion (shown right) which means the front of the foot (forefoot) wasn’t fully pulled back upon touchdown like it would be if the foot had increased dorsiflexion upon touchdown (shown left). As you can see, increases in foot dorsiflexion (left) upon touchdown makes it easier to land heel-first (heel strike), causing you to forcibly drive the foot onto the ground which increases the amount of compressive loading and impact shock on the knee. In contrast, reduced dorsiflexion (right) at touchdown makes it easier to avoid heel-strike and instead strike more forefooted which has beneficial effects for helping the foot glide down smoothly onto the ground, thereby reducing jarring, collision and surface forces and it results in a larger surface area to contact the ground of which impact is able to spread over a larger area of the foot.

The researchers discovered that leaning forward during running seems to be a more functionally useful direction to orient your upper body because it helps improve foot positioning at touchdown whereby the researchers results showed that forward leaning during running decreased foot dorsiflexion which led to reduced dynamic knee valgus (the knee angulated away from the midline) which had the direct effect of blunting rotational and torsional forces on the knee. Related research has also found similar evidence that leaning forward when running decreased knee-joint stress by 6% (Teng and Powers, 2014).

The big takeaway is there’s accumulating research showing that it’s not just foot strike pattern that influences impact stress on the knee during running, but upper body positioning also has a large effect on knee injury prevention as leaning forward seems to be a key organizer of more functional foot strike mechanics that can make your knees much less vulnerable to the ravages of the road.

References:

Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Patellofemoral contact pressures. The influence of q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Jt Surg 1984; 66: 715–724

Santos et al. The Effects of Forefoot Striking, Increasing Step Rate, and Forward Trunk Lean Running on Trunk and Lower Limb Kinematics and Comfort. Int J Sports Med, 2016;37:369-373.

Teng HL, Powers CM. Sagittal plane trunk posture influences patellofemoral joint stress during running. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014; 44: 785–792

Bretta Riches

"I believe the forefoot strike is the engine of endurance running..."

BSc Neurobiology; MSc Biomechanics candidate, ultra minimalist runner & founder of RunForefoot. I was a heel striker, always injured. I was inspired by the great Tirunesh Dibaba to try forefoot running. Now, I'm injury free. This is why I launched Run Forefoot, to advocate the health & performance benefits of forefoot running and to raise awareness on the dangers of heel striking, because the world needs to know.
Bretta Riches

P.S. Don't forget to check out the Run Forefoot Facebook Page, it's a terrific place to ask questions about forefoot running, barefoot running and injury. I'm always happy to help!